What Is The Hacker...

Hackerdefinition controversy The terms hacker and hack are marked by contrasting positive and negative connotations. Computer programmers often use the words hacking and hackerto express admiration for the work of a skilled software developer (but may also use them in a negative sense to describe the production of inelegant . Some frown upon using hacking as a synonym for security cracking -- in distinct contrast to the larger world, in which the word hacker is typically used to describe someone who "hacks into" a system by evading or disabling security measures. Controversy and ambiguity While "hack" was originally more used as a verb for "messing about" with (e.g. "I hack around with computers"), the meaning of the term has shifted over the decades since it first came into use in a computer context. As usage has spread more widely, the primary meaning of newer users of the word has shifted to one which conflicts with the original primary emphasis. Currently, "hacker" is used in two main ways, one pejorative and one complimentary. In popular usage and in the media, it most often refers to computer intruders or criminals, with associated pejorative connotations. (For example, "An Internet 'hacker' broke through state government security systems in March.") In the computing community, the primary meaning is a complimentary description for a particularly brilliant programmer or technical expert. (For example, "Linus Torvalds , the creator of Linux , is considered by some to be a genius hacker.") A large segment of the technical community insist the latter is the "correct" usage of the word (see the Jargon File definition below). The mainstream media 's current usage of the term may be traced back to the early 1980s (see History ). When the term was introduced to wider society by the mainstream media in 1983, even those in the computer community referred to computer intrusion as "hacking", although not as the exclusive use of that word. In reaction to the increasing media use of the term exclusively with the criminal connotation, the computer community began to differentiate their terminology. Several alternative terms such as "black hat " and "cracker " were coined in an effort to distinguish between those performing criminal activities, and those whose activities were the legal ones referred to more frequently in the historical use of the term "hack ". Analogous terms such as "white hats " and "gray hats " developed as a result. However, since network news use of the term pertained primarily to the criminal activities despite this attempt by the technical community to preserve and distinguish the original meaning, the mainstream media and general public continue to describe computer criminals with all levels of technical sophistication as "hackers" and does not generally make use of the word in any of its non-criminal connotations. As a result of this difference, the definition is the subject of heated controversy. The wider dominance of the pejorative connotation is resented by many who object to the term being taken from their cultural jargon and used negatively including those who have historically preferred to self-identify as hackers. Many advocate using the more recent and nuanced alternate terms when describing criminals and others who negatively take advantage of security flaws in software and hardware. Others prefer to follow common popular usage, arguing that the positive form is confusing and unlikely to become widespread in the general public. A minority still stubbornly use the term in both original senses despite the controversy, leaving context to clarify (or leave ambiguous) which meaning is intended. It is noteworthy, however, that the positive definition of hacker was widely used as the predominant form for many years before the negative definition was popularized. "Hacker" can therefore be seen as a shibboleth , identifying those who use the technically-oriented sense (as opposed to the exclusively intrusion-oriented sense) as members of the computing community. A possible middle ground position has been suggested, based on the observation that "hacking" describes a collection of skills which are used by hackers of both descriptions for differing reasons. The analogy is made to locksmithing, specifically picking locks, which — aside from its being a skill with a fairly high tropism to 'classic' hacking — is a skill which can be used for good or evil. The primary weakness of this analogy is the inclusion of script kiddies in the popular usage of "hacker", despite the lack of an underlying skill and knowledge base. Types of hackers The types of hackers are usually named by the hackers own slang (also known as jargon). Generally hackers can be divided into three classes  (also groups or even schools) White Hat Hacker A white hat hacker, also rendered as whitehat or white-hat, is in the realm of information technology,  a person who is ethically opposed to the abuse of computer systems. Realizing that the Internet now represents human voices from all around the world makes the defense of its integrity an important pastime for many. A white hat generally focuses on securing IT systems,  whereas a black hat (the opposite)  would like to break into them but this is a simplification.  A black hat will wish to secure his own machine, and a white hat might need to break into a black hat's  machine in the course of an investigation. What exactly differentiates white hats and  black hats is open to interpretation, but white hats tend to cite altruistic motivations. Grey or Brown Hat Hacker A hacker of this type is a skilled hacker who sometimes acts legally and in good will and sometimes not. They are a hybrid between white and black hat hackers. They hack for no personal gain and do not have malicious intentions,  but occasionally may or may not commit crimes in their actions. There is no distinction between grey and brown for hackers in this category. Black Hat Hacker A black hat or black-hat hacker is a malicious or criminal person  whose correct label is "cracker".  The term hacker is also commonly used as a synonym for "black hat hacker". However, in computer jargon, the meaning of "hacker" is much more broad. Usually a Black Hat refers to a person that maintains knowledge of the vulnerabilities  and exploits they find as  secret for private advantage, not revealing them either to the general public or manufacturer for correction.  Many Black Hats promote individual freedom and accessibility  over privacy and security.  Black Hats may seek to expand holes in systems; any attempts made to patch  software are generally to prevent others from also compromising a system  they have already obtained secure control over.  A Black Hat cracker may have access to 0-day exploits  (private software that exploits security vulnerabilities; 0-day exploits have not been distributed to the public).  In the most extreme cases, Black Hats may work to cause damage maliciously, and/or make threats to do so for blackmail purposes.